{"id":1761,"date":"2023-05-05T02:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-05T00:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/?p=1761"},"modified":"2023-05-24T06:36:19","modified_gmt":"2023-05-24T04:36:19","slug":"effects-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-on-different-valve-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/05\/05\/effects-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-on-different-valve-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Effects of hydrogen embrittlement on different valve materials [Part 3 of 4]"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1761\" class=\"elementor elementor-1761\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c14148 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c14148\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0b6779\" data-id=\"a0b6779\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1126c1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1126c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effects of hydrogen embrittlement on different valve materials [Part 3 of 4]<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cfe9c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cfe9c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Here is the third part of our hydrogen embrittlement series with special guest Materials Testing Institute&#8217;s expert Brian Kagay. In <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/04\/27\/causes-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-in-valves\/\">part II<\/a>, we addressed the <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/04\/27\/causes-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-in-valves\/\">causes of hydrogen embrittlement in valves<\/a>.\u00a0<\/strong><strong style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">So, naturally, in this installment, our conversation flowed toward the effects of embrittlement by H2 in different types of valve materials.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Hydrogen doesn\u2019t affect all materials in the same way. So, it became genuinely important for us to touch base on specificities about hydrogen embrittlement in metallic and non-metallic structures to measure the effect on valves.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Let&#8217;s begin with part III.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c805c1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c805c1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d75f30\" data-id=\"1d75f30\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf99eaa elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cf99eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b15547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b15547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Table of contents:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9b4c3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9b4c3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"effectsofhydrogenembrittlementonvalvematerials\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0187ad;\">\u00a0 \u00a0I. Part:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #7a7a7a;\">&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/04\/12\/is-hydrogen-embrittlement-a-threat-to-valves\/\">Hydrogen embrittlement of valves and what it means.<\/a> &lt;&lt;<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #0187ad;\">\u00a0 II. Part:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #7a7a7a;\">&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/04\/27\/causes-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-in-valves\/\">Causes of hydrogen embrittlement in valves.<\/a> &lt;&lt;<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #0187ad;\">\u00a0III. Part:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #7a7a7a;\">&gt;&gt; <a href=\"#effectsofhydrogenembrittlementonvalvematerials\">Effects of hydrogen embrittlement on different valve materials.<\/a> &lt;&lt;\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #0187ad;\">IV. Part:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #7a7a7a;\">&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/05\/23\/hydrogen-embrittlement-prevention-and-control\/\">Hydrogen embrittlement prevention &amp; control.<\/a> &lt;&lt;<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cbe43c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7cbe43c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fff9844 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fff9844\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1478c0\" data-id=\"e1478c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b0e6b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b0e6b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What metals are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3665a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3665a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The susceptibility of a material is dependent on the use as well as the chosen application. But, as a general approach, when it comes to vulnerability to hydrogn embrittlement, the metals can be grouped into two categories:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5945701 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"5945701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Those susceptible to hydrogen. Most metals are sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement; however, the severity of the embrittlement varies. High strength metals with a body-centered cubic lattice, such as martensitic steels, are severely embrittled, but metals with a face-centered cubic lattice, such as nickel-base alloys, can also be embrittled by hydrogen. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Those which are negligibly embrittled. This group is much smaller and consists of only certain metals with a face-centered cubic lattice. A case in point for the type is aluminum alloys.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4eac93a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4eac93a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-037847c\" data-id=\"037847c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe17b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cbe17b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Does hydrogen embrittlement occur in all steels?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64b6b15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64b6b15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Most steels are embrittled by hydrogen; however, some austenitic stainless steels, which contain Cr and Ni, are insensitive to hydrogen embrittlement to a great extent. Therefore, these steels are among the standard materials used in hydrogen technology. In the stainless-steel family, a higher nickel content generally results in greater resistance to hydrogen embrittlement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b8df5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9b8df5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cc352e\" data-id=\"9cc352e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e34b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94e34b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What factors determine how susceptible a material is to hydrogen embrittlement?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb63ed8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb63ed8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Material strength, cleanliness, and microstructure all play a role in hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. Generally, higher strength materials are more susceptible than lower strength materials. The presence of defects, such as oxide inclusions, and impurities, such as sulfur and phosphorous, can also increase hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility.<\/p><p>A material\u2019s microstructure can also affect hydrogen embrittlement in many ways. Certain phases or precipitates may act as crack initiation sites and increase hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility, while other precipitates may trap hydrogen and therefore have the opposite effect. The grain size and dislocation density can also play a role.<\/p><p>Crystal structure also affects how hydrogen behaves in a material. Hydrogen diffuses must faster through body-centered cubic (bcc) steels than through face-centered cubic (fcc) steels, but a much greater hydrogen concentration can be reached in fcc steels than in bcc steels.<\/p><p>Finally, the source of hydrogen can determine whether hydrogen embrittlement will occur. Aluminum alloys are essentially insensitive to dry hydrogen gas, but small amounts of moisture can cause hydrogen to be absorbed and result in hydrogen embrittlement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f8f2092 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f8f2092\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9edeeb8\" data-id=\"9edeeb8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab60359 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab60359\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Are metals sensitive to H2 attacks allowed in hydrogen engineering?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb5b6f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb5b6f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Certainly! Though some metals, such as high strength steels, are less resistant to hydrogen embrittlement, they can still be implemented in hydrogen applications. The core aspect around the application of these materials is to ensure a suitable working stress level for the component. That way, the material can stay below the threshold point defined through testing and the initiation or propagation of cracks is suppressed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f754b91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f754b91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-811133e\" data-id=\"811133e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-425e706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"425e706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Are there potential hydrogen embrittlement effects in nonmetallic materials?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05f9898 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05f9898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are some concerns on the hydrogen embrittlement process of polymeric materials.\u00a0Polymeric products, such as rubbers or o-rings, absorb large amounts of hydrogen. At a depressurization stage, with temperature changes, damage can occur due to the high concentration of H2 already present, which leads to blisters and swelling. An answer to the issue is to put in place a controlled temperature depressurization.<\/p><p>Though not a form of embrittlement, the rate of diffusion of hydrogen through polymers can also be a concern for certain applications. There is much ongoing research on hydrogen effects on polymeric materials, including their behavior under mechanical loading.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-560afe2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"560afe2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56ba8e9\" data-id=\"56ba8e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c818981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c818981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Outro<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9949ae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9949ae3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>And so, we leave part III behind with these takeaways on the effect of hydrogen embrittlement in materials:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e849a5 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"5e849a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The degree of susceptibility to H2 embrittlement splits materials into two major groups:<\/br>( 1 ) vulnerable (high-strength metals with a body-centered cubic lattice), and <\/br>( 2 ) non-vulnerable (some face-centered cubic lattice metals).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Among the vulnerable materials are stainless steel, martensitic steels, nickel-base alloys, and non-metallic polymers.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Non-vulnerable materials include aluminum alloys and austenitic stainless steels high in Cr and Ni content.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Insensitive materials to embrittlement by H2 are fit for use in hydrogen applications. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The deployment of vulnerable materials in H2 technologies is also possible as long as a suitable working stress level is secured.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Material strength, cleanliness, and microstructure determine a material\u2019s sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">The presence of oxide inclusions and impurities raises the chances of embrittlement by H2 in a material.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b3689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4b3689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Don\u2019t miss out on our <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/05\/23\/hydrogen-embrittlement-prevention-and-control\/\">next and final delivery of this hydrogen embrittlement series<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/05\/23\/hydrogen-embrittlement-prevention-and-control\/\">part IV<\/a>, we will share prevention and control mechanisms to protect valves against H2 embrittlement and address the hot topic that started it all: blended operations!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-78ceec45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"78ceec45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-555a364e\" data-id=\"555a364e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7081ca elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5b7081ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;xMidYMid meet&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 126 26&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3Cpath d=&#039;M3,10.2c2.6,0,2.6,2,2.6,3.2S4.4,16.5,3,16.5s-3-1.4-3-3.2S0.4,10.2,3,10.2z M18.8,10.2c1.7,0,3.2,1.4,3.2,3.2s-1.4,3.2-3.2,3.2c-1.7,0-3.2-1.4-3.2-3.2S17,10.2,18.8,10.2z M34.6,10.2c1.5,0,2.6,1.4,2.6,3.2s-0.5,3.2-1.9,3.2c-1.5,0-3.4-1.4-3.4-3.2S33.1,10.2,34.6,10.2z M50.5,10.2c1.7,0,3.2,1.4,3.2,3.2s-1.4,3.2-3.2,3.2c-1.7,0-3.3-0.9-3.3-2.6S48.7,10.2,50.5,10.2z M66.2,10.2c1.5,0,3.4,1.4,3.4,3.2s-1.9,3.2-3.4,3.2c-1.5,0-2.6-0.4-2.6-2.1S64.8,10.2,66.2,10.2z M82.2,10.2c1.7,0.8,2.6,1.4,2.6,3.2s-0.1,3.2-1.6,3.2c-1.5,0-3.7-1.4-3.7-3.2S80.5,9.4,82.2,10.2zM98.6,10.2c1.5,0,2.6,0.4,2.6,2.1s-1.2,4.2-2.6,4.2c-1.5,0-3.7-0.4-3.7-2.1S97.1,10.2,98.6,10.2z M113.4,10.2c1.2,0,2.2,0.9,2.2,3.2s-0.1,3.2-1.3,3.2s-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.2S112.2,10.2,113.4,10.2z&#039;\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-337e0ebb elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"337e0ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"hydrogeninthecontextofpowertox\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/brian-kagay-0971b9102\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2023\/02\/portrait-brian-kagay-materials-testing-institute-at-university-of-stuttgart-hydrogen-embrittlement-of-valves-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Brian Kagay\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/brian-kagay-0971b9102\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDr. Brian Kagay\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Brian Kagay is a scientist in the Influence of Hydrogen team at the Materials Testing Institute at the University of Stuttgart. His primary research focus is the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of structural alloys. Much of his research has been concerned with understanding the relationship between microstructure and the effects of hydrogen on mechanical behavior, as well as developing test methods for determining mechanical properties in hydrogen environments. He received his Ph. D in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from Colorado School of Mines, where he studied the effects of hydrogen on nickel-base alloys for oil and gas applications. He was also a postdoctoral appointee in the Hydrogen Effects on Materials Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories and studied the influence of hydrogen on the fatigue properties, fracture resistance, and deformation mechanisms of stainless steels and pressure vessel steels.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2aa169 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3f2aa169\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;xMidYMid meet&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 126 26&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3Cpath d=&#039;M3,10.2c2.6,0,2.6,2,2.6,3.2S4.4,16.5,3,16.5s-3-1.4-3-3.2S0.4,10.2,3,10.2z M18.8,10.2c1.7,0,3.2,1.4,3.2,3.2s-1.4,3.2-3.2,3.2c-1.7,0-3.2-1.4-3.2-3.2S17,10.2,18.8,10.2z M34.6,10.2c1.5,0,2.6,1.4,2.6,3.2s-0.5,3.2-1.9,3.2c-1.5,0-3.4-1.4-3.4-3.2S33.1,10.2,34.6,10.2z M50.5,10.2c1.7,0,3.2,1.4,3.2,3.2s-1.4,3.2-3.2,3.2c-1.7,0-3.3-0.9-3.3-2.6S48.7,10.2,50.5,10.2z M66.2,10.2c1.5,0,3.4,1.4,3.4,3.2s-1.9,3.2-3.4,3.2c-1.5,0-2.6-0.4-2.6-2.1S64.8,10.2,66.2,10.2z M82.2,10.2c1.7,0.8,2.6,1.4,2.6,3.2s-0.1,3.2-1.6,3.2c-1.5,0-3.7-1.4-3.7-3.2S80.5,9.4,82.2,10.2zM98.6,10.2c1.5,0,2.6,0.4,2.6,2.1s-1.2,4.2-2.6,4.2c-1.5,0-3.7-0.4-3.7-2.1S97.1,10.2,98.6,10.2z M113.4,10.2c1.2,0,2.2,0.9,2.2,3.2s-0.1,3.2-1.3,3.2s-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.2S112.2,10.2,113.4,10.2z&#039;\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd189d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd189d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8712cde\" data-id=\"8712cde\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4343568 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4343568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Image Source: \u00a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/de\/images\/metal-pipeline-with-green-field-and-blue-sky-background\/563788009\">phonlamaiphoto<\/a> (Adobe Stock), <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/de\/images\/infographic-design-template-creative-concept-with-3-steps\/379957055\">kuliperko<\/a> (Adobe Stock) &amp; AS-Schneider<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here is the third part of our hydrogen embrittlement series with special guest Materials Testing Institute&#8217;s expert Brian Kagay. In part II, we addressed the causes of hydrogen embrittlement in valves. So, naturally, in this installment, our conversation flowed toward the effects of embrittlement by H2 in different types of valve materials. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":1765,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1293,411],"tags":[1479,1474,1483,1473,1477,1199,1472,1487,1478,1486,1476,1485,1484],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Effects of hydrogen embrittlement on different valve materials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understanding the specifics of hydrogen embrittlement in metallic and non-metallic structures is important to measure the effects on valves.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/05\/05\/effects-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-on-different-valve-materials\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Effects of hydrogen embrittlement on different valve materials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Understanding the specifics of hydrogen embrittlement in metallic and non-metallic structures is important to measure the effects on valves.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2023\/05\/05\/effects-of-hydrogen-embrittlement-on-different-valve-materials\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AS-Schneider Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-05-05T00:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-05-24T04:36:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" 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