{"id":1441,"date":"2021-12-09T02:34:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-09T01:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/?p=1441"},"modified":"2022-01-13T06:45:17","modified_gmt":"2022-01-13T05:45:17","slug":"natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/","title":{"rendered":"Underground natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1441\" class=\"elementor elementor-1441\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-569106b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"569106b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;2302cf5&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06b5bfc\" data-id=\"06b5bfc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb44d4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb44d4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Underground natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536f0df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"536f0df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"m3cf\" data-offset-key=\"etroq-0-0\"><div class=\"public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr\" data-offset-key=\"etroq-0-0\"><strong><strong><span class=\"veryhardreadability\">Many of my customers use natural gas storage facilities in order to balance out low and peak demands over the course of a year<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><\/div><div class=\"public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr\" data-offset-key=\"etroq-0-0\"><strong>Over the years, <\/strong><strong>I have gained <span data-offset-key=\"etroq-5-0\">a lot of valuable experience on this topic. This knowledge is what I would like to share with you in the context of a blog article.<\/span><\/strong><\/div><\/div><div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"m3cf\" data-offset-key=\"e56u1-0-0\"><div class=\"public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr\" data-offset-key=\"e56u1-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"e56u1-0-0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"m3cf\" data-offset-key=\"di2kd-0-0\"><div class=\"public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr\" data-offset-key=\"di2kd-0-0\"><span data-offset-key=\"di2kd-0-0\">In my article, I describe the use of salt caverns for underground natural gas storage. <\/span><span class=\"hardreadability\"><span data-offset-key=\"di2kd-1-0\">Furthermore, I explain how these caverns <\/span><\/span><span class=\"passivevoice\"><span data-offset-key=\"di2kd-2-0\">are created and the advantages of storing natural gas in salt caverns. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\" data-offset-key=\"egume-0-0\">I also describe how hydrate formation <\/span><span class=\"passivevoice\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><span data-offset-key=\"egume-1-0\">is examined<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\" data-offset-key=\"egume-2-0\"> during the storage process. And go into detail about the various challenges of hydrate formation.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-da1fa2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da1fa2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb427ab\" data-id=\"cb427ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa556ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa556ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Underground natural gas storage<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01ee0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01ee0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Natural gas remains one of the most important energy sources in the world despite the increasing popularity of renewable energy. In terms of emissions during power generation, natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. According to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA), use of natural gas produces almost 50% less CO<sub>2<\/sub> than coal.<\/p><p>In order, to ensure a reliable, year-round supply of affordable natural gas, large storage facilities are required. While natural gas can be stored in gaseous and liquified form in above ground tanks, underground storage offers several benefits including economy and safety. Underground natural gas storage facilities can be classified into <a href=\"#end-start-info-box\">three main types<\/a>.<\/p><p>For the curious minded reader, a brief overview of the different types of underground natural gas storage facilities is given in the info box at the end of the article. This article only focuses on natural gas storage in salt caverns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fcd37 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"e9fcd37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"\/#depletedgasreservoirs\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-down\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0c604f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f0c604f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;4c23d91&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5621b41\" data-id=\"5621b41\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa92eab elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"fa92eab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#depletedgasreservoirs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Depleted reservoirs <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28111b7\" data-id=\"28111b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-425144f elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"425144f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#depletedaquifers\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Depleted aquifers<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1abe3c\" data-id=\"d1abe3c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b750c76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b750c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"#saltcaverns\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Salt caverns<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6c98e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6c98e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-586309f\" data-id=\"586309f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-323e257 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"323e257\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How is natural gas stored in salt caverns?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b15b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b15b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Salt is impermeable to natural gas. It is this property that makes salt caverns ideal for natural gas storage.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">A natural gas cavern is a cavity \u201cdug\u201d in a salt dome located 1000 to 2500m below the earth\u2019s surface. <\/span>The first step in creating a salt cavern is to find a salt deposit location suitable for natural gas storage. The solubility of salt in water is used to remove the salt from the dome thus creating a cavity.<\/p><p>A well is drilled in the salt formation and a large amount of water is cycled through the completed well. The water dissolves the salt increasing the size of the cavity. The salty water extracted from the well is further processed to remove the salt or released into the sea in an environment-friendly way.<\/p><p>This process of creating a salt cavern is called \u2018salt cavern leaching\u2019. The leaching process may take several years until a sufficiently large cylindrical cavity has formed.<\/p><p>Salt caverns typically have a diameter of up to 100m and a height of 500m; this is large enough to house the Berlin television tower!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaf1945 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aaf1945\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-salt-caverns-asschneider.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1445\" alt=\"3D image shows how natural gas is stored in salt caverns.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-salt-caverns-asschneider.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-salt-caverns-asschneider-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-salt-caverns-asschneider-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a897e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a897e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Salt cavern leaching can be relatively expensive when compared to the cost of setting up other types of underground natural gas storage. However, the deliverability of a salt cavern is typically much higher than for an <a href=\"#depletedaquifers\">aquifer<\/a> or a <a href=\"#depletedgasreservoirs\">depleted reservoir<\/a>.<\/p><p>Deliverability is the amount of gas that can be withdrawn from a storage facility per day. High deliverability not only means that stored natural gas can be more readily withdrawn, but also that it can be replenished faster.<\/p><p>Furthermore, the cushion gas requirement for a salt cavern is the lowest of the three storage types. Salt caverns typically require only a third of the total gas capacity to be used as cushion gas.<\/p><p>Along with these advantages, storage of natural gas in salt caverns also presents challenges. A major issue faced by operators of natural gas storage facilities is gas hydrate formation in the piping. Or in equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant, too. During withdrawal or supply of gas from\/to a salt cavern, problems such as restricted flow and inaccurate pressure measurements can arise due to the formation of hydrates.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c77e9f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c77e9f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5130db4\" data-id=\"5130db4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32a9414 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32a9414\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are hydrates?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d6031f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d6031f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Methane clathrate, also known as natural gas hydrate or methane hydrate is a solid clathrate compound in which a large amount of methane is trapped.<\/p><p>Clathrate refers to a substance that traps molecules inside a lattice. In this case, the lattice is formed by water molecules held together by hydrogen bonds.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5a1c22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b5a1c22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee60480\" data-id=\"ee60480\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b4758c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b4758c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How does hydrate formation occur? <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3713ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3713ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The four essential components that lead to hydrate formation during the transport of natural gas from the reservoir are:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad05dcb elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"ad05dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Water<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Light hydrocarbon gases<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Low temperature<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">High pressure<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c853b93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c853b93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #1ecc05;\"><strong>Low temperature and high pressure:<br \/><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">The conditions of low temperature and high pressure are generally met inside pipelines especially in cold areas and subsea applications.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #1ecc05;\"><strong>Water and light hydrocarbon gases: <br \/><\/strong><\/span>Brine water in salt caverns is drained as gas is filled into the cavern. The residual water from the process can form hydrates when natural gas is withdrawn.<\/p><p>Hydrate formation can occur during normal production, but transient operations are often more susceptible.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1cff7fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1cff7fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7802bd\" data-id=\"b7802bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932d3a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"932d3a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are the problems related to hydrate formation?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55503ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55503ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Natural gas hydrates consist of approximately 85 mole percent water. The physical properties of hydrates are, therefore, similar to those of ice. Hydrates typically float at the water\/hydrocarbon interface. They can agglomerate into bigger clusters and plug valves, pumps, and other narrow conduits or even the whole pipeline. The ice-like solid hydrates reduce the transmission capacity and may over time, block and possibly rupture the pipeline.<\/p><p>In large transport pipelines, hydrate formation is countered by removing moisture from the gas using additives such as glycerin. This approach, however, does not work with measuring lines that do not have product flow.<\/p><p>Hydrates can clog these lines and impair the function of measuring sensors and instruments. As a result, pressure and differential pressure readings can be erroneous; in extreme cases, it may even become impossible to obtain any measurements at all.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b4bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47b4bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/hydrate-formation-underground-natural-gas-storages-salt-caverns-asschneider.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1446\" alt=\"Hydrate formation during the transport of natural gas.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/hydrate-formation-underground-natural-gas-storages-salt-caverns-asschneider.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/hydrate-formation-underground-natural-gas-storages-salt-caverns-asschneider-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/hydrate-formation-underground-natural-gas-storages-salt-caverns-asschneider-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-25b087e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"25b087e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e517b74\" data-id=\"e517b74\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7079b36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7079b36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-444bffa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"444bffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"end-start-info-box\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Storage of natural gas in underground salt caverns offers several advantages. For example a high deliverability, low cushion gas requirement, and a long service life.<\/p><p>A major challenge, however, during use of such storage facilities is the formation of hydrates in the supply and measurement lines. Hydrate formation can obstruct gas flow reducing supply which can lead to pipeline rupture.<\/p><p>Furthermore, clogging of measurement lines can make it difficult to obtain accurate pressure measurements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6323fc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6323fc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;e9448e6&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-23b78a7\" data-id=\"23b78a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b403751 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b403751\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Info-Box\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">INFO-BOX<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab6c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c0ab6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Types of underground natural gas storage<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f228bfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f228bfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An underground natural gas storage facility acts as a very large storage vessel. Natural gas can be injected into the underground formation, building up pressure. Comparable to a pressurized natural gas container.<\/p><p>As stored gas is consumed, the pressure drops below that of the wellhead. Thus, there is no longer a pressure differential to push the gas out of the reservoir.<\/p><p>Underground storage facilities, therefore, have a certain amount of gas that is not recoverable. The amount of gas permanently stored in a natural gas storage is called cushion gas. The amount of cushion gas required depends on the type of storage and the desired withdrawal rate.<\/p><p>Underground natural gas storage facilities can be classified into three main types:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12bec17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"12bec17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"depletedgasreservoirs\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-types-of-underground-natural-gas-storages-depleted-reservoirs-aquifers-salt-caverns-asschneider.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1444\" alt=\"3D image shows different types of underground natural gas storages - depleted reservoirs, aquifers, salt caverns.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-types-of-underground-natural-gas-storages-depleted-reservoirs-aquifers-salt-caverns-asschneider.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-types-of-underground-natural-gas-storages-depleted-reservoirs-aquifers-salt-caverns-asschneider-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-types-of-underground-natural-gas-storages-depleted-reservoirs-aquifers-salt-caverns-asschneider-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18522b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"18522b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Depleted gas reservoirs <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82e4188 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82e4188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"depletedaquifers\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Depleted gas reservoirs<\/strong> are the most common form of underground gas storage. Natural gas reservoirs that have been tapped of most of their recoverable natural gas can be converted into gas storage facilities. These underground formations have proven geological capability of holding natural gas. And can, therefore, serve as gas storage sites. In depleted gas reservoirs, around half of the total volume consists of cushion gas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c987f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c987f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Depleted aquifers<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-202a073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"202a073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"saltcaverns\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aquifers<\/strong> are underground permeable rock formations that act as water reservoirs. In certain cases, these water-bearing formations can be repurposed for use as natural gas storage facilities. Aquifers, however, are more expensive to develop than depleted gas reservoirs. This type of storage is generally used in areas where there are no depleted reservoirs nearby. Aquifer reservoirs require up to 80% of the total volume as cushion gas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8647593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8647593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Salt caverns<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0529a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df0529a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Salt caverns<\/strong>, created in underground salt formations, are another option for natural gas storage. The walls of a salt cavern are structurally as strong as steel. That make the reservoir highly resistant to degradation over the life of the facility. Salt caverns typically require around 33% of the total volume of the cavern as cushion gas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-faaf52f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"faaf52f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;f7f6eb0&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-735e602\" data-id=\"735e602\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-166c96e elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"166c96e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"1443\" class=\"elementor elementor-1443\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-27dd2a05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27dd2a05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3dc13e7&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-508f739f\" data-id=\"508f739f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-289eb081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"289eb081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09a4f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09a4f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Storage of natural gas in underground salt caverns offers several advantages such as high deliverability, low cushion gas requirement, and a long service life. A major challenge, however, during use of such storage facilities is the formation of hydrates in the supply and measurement lines. Hydrate formation can obstruct gas flow reducing supply which can lead to pipeline rupture. Furthermore, clogging of measurement lines can make it difficult to obtain accurate pressure measurements.<\/p><p>For information about how formation of hydrates in measurement lines can be prevented, please refer to the following case study:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429692ff elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"429692ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2022\/01\/13\/how-to-avoid-hydrate-formation-during-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-hand-pointer\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">How to avoid hydrate formation during underground natural gas storage in salt caverns<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e183c7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e183c7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;9cf847e&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d657eab\" data-id=\"d657eab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a29f14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a29f14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #7a7a7a;\">Image Source: \u00a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiverr.com\/matrivgraphics?source=order_page_user_message_link\">matrivgraphics<\/a> (Fiverr) &amp; AS-Schneider<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many of my customers use natural gas storage facilities in order to balance out low and peak demands over the course of a year.<br \/>\nOver the years, I have gained a lot of valuable experience on this topic. This knowledge is what I would like to share with you in the context of a blog article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":1449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[411],"tags":[1220,1223,1218,1221,1217,1216,1214],"class_list":["post-1441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-safety","tag-cavern-storage","tag-depleted-aquifers","tag-depleted-reservoirs","tag-hydrate","tag-hydrate-formation","tag-salt-caverns","tag-underground-natural-gas-storage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.8 (Yoast SEO v23.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping &amp; equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping &amp; equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AS-Schneider Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-12-09T01:34:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-01-13T05:45:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Stefan Heine\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping &amp; equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Stefan Heine\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/\",\"name\":\"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-09T01:34:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-01-13T05:45:17+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e6a8b2b54ff1caf7aab112bf4323f447\"},\"description\":\"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping & equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"3d image of natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Underground natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/\",\"name\":\"AS-Schneider Blog\",\"description\":\"Just another AS-Schneider Inbound Sites site\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e6a8b2b54ff1caf7aab112bf4323f447\",\"name\":\"Stefan Heine\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d3dc0e722de9aa29cf3842a84047bbe0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d3dc0e722de9aa29cf3842a84047bbe0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Stefan Heine\"},\"description\":\"I'm a senior regional sales manager for AS-Schneider, one of the world's leading manufacturers of instrumentation and pipeline valves. I'm involved in valve business since 23 years and helping my customers to find their best solution. I live in a nice german region of Westfalen with my loved wife and have three kids who are meantime adult. I love to go skiing in winter and windsurfing in summer.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/www.as-schneider.com\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation","description":"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping & equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation","og_description":"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping & equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.","og_url":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/","og_site_name":"AS-Schneider Blog","article_published_time":"2021-12-09T01:34:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-01-13T05:45:17+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":600,"url":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Stefan Heine","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation","twitter_description":"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping & equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Stefan Heine","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/","url":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/","name":"Natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg","datePublished":"2021-12-09T01:34:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-13T05:45:17+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e6a8b2b54ff1caf7aab112bf4323f447"},"description":"A major issue of natural gas storage is gas hydrate formation in the piping & equipment connecting the reservoir head to the treatment plant.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/11\/3d-image-natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation-feature-image-II-sschneider.jpg","width":1000,"height":600,"caption":"3d image of natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2021\/12\/09\/natural-gas-storage-in-salt-caverns-and-the-challenge-of-hydrate-formation\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Underground natural gas storage in salt caverns and the challenge of hydrate formation"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/","name":"AS-Schneider Blog","description":"Just another AS-Schneider Inbound Sites site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e6a8b2b54ff1caf7aab112bf4323f447","name":"Stefan Heine","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d3dc0e722de9aa29cf3842a84047bbe0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d3dc0e722de9aa29cf3842a84047bbe0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Stefan Heine"},"description":"I'm a senior regional sales manager for AS-Schneider, one of the world's leading manufacturers of instrumentation and pipeline valves. I'm involved in valve business since 23 years and helping my customers to find their best solution. I live in a nice german region of Westfalen with my loved wife and have three kids who are meantime adult. I love to go skiing in winter and windsurfing in summer.","sameAs":["http:\/\/www.as-schneider.com"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1441"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1441\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}