{"id":1426,"date":"2022-01-19T02:01:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-19T01:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/?p=1426"},"modified":"2022-07-13T10:57:59","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T08:57:59","slug":"hydrogen-valves-and-typical-application-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2022\/01\/19\/hydrogen-valves-and-typical-application-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrogen valves and typical application challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1426\" class=\"elementor elementor-1426\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce624d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce624d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;b42f1f9&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a44cb6d\" data-id=\"a44cb6d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9895 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9895\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hydrogen valves and typical application challenges<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d683790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d683790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Modern hydrogen applications demand durable valves. Beside the challenges with the media hydrogen they also often have to operate reliably under high pressure or at extremely low temperatures. There are some challenges that the industries have to face. In this blog article, we describe relevant key data on hydrogen, hydrogen applications and hydrogen valves.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4738e2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4738e2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHydrogen has traditionally been used in applications such as:\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b6648e elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0b6648e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">petroleum refining<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">glass purification<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">semiconductor manufacturing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">fertilizer production <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf75613 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf75613\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Other uses of hydrogen gas include hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids, heat-treating metals, pharmaceutical production and as a coolant in power plant generators.<\/p><p>These hydrogen applications have constituted a stable but limited market for the valve industry for many years.<\/p><p>In modern applications, hydrogen is increasingly being used as an energy carrier for the storage and delivery of large amounts of energy. Use of hydrogen as an energy carrier is not completely new. The first fuel cell was presented by Sch\u00f6nbein\/Grove around 1838\/39.<\/p><p>In the aerospace industry, NASA launched numerous space rockets using hydrogen as fuel during its Apollo space program which ran from 1961 to 1972.<\/p><p>Even though containers, pipes and valves for hydrogen use have existed for a long time, modern applications place higher demands on the performance of these components under more extreme conditions. Some of these applications require gas storage at high pressure and at extremely low temperatures.<\/p><p>The extreme conditions demand specially designed valves that can perform reliably under these conditions. Hydrogen presents additional challenges for plant engineering. Its small molecular size gives it high mobility.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66ea0ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66ea0ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25ad43c\" data-id=\"25ad43c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7af8f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c7af8f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is hydrogen?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f167819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f167819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element on earth. It typically exists as a diatomic molecule (H<sub>2<\/sub>). At standard temperature and pressure, it is nontoxic, odorless, colorless, but a highly combustible gas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0e4215e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0e4215e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-967557f\" data-id=\"967557f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d00a469 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d00a469\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How is hydrogen made?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a28153c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a28153c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen is produced commercially by four main processes:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e73a27 elementor-align-left elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"4e73a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Reformation:<\/strong> In the reformation process, methane is reacted with steam under pressure, in the presence of a catalyst, to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and some carbon dioxide. E.g. 95% of the hydrogen produced in the United States is currently made by natural gas reforming.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Electrolysis:<\/strong> In the electrolysis process electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This reaction takes place in a unit called an electrolyzer.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Chlor-alkali production:<\/strong> The Chlor-alkali process produces hydrogen as a by-product along with chlorine and sodium hydroxide via the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Pyrolysis:<\/strong> Thermal decomposition of methane produces hydrogen and solid carbon. This method prevents the release of greenhouse gases during production as it yields solid carbon and no CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9ecc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a9ecc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen is classified as green, turquoise, blue or gray depending on the production method and the amount of CO<sub>2<\/sub> released into the atmosphere during the process.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #20d477;\">Green hydrogen<\/span><\/strong> is produced through electrolysis using green electricity and water. It is virtually CO<sub>2<\/sub> free and ideal for decarbonization of the economy.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #89fde3;\">Turquoise hydrogen<\/span><\/strong> is produced through pyrolysis of methane. This method generally produces solid carbon but CO<sub>2<\/sub> is produced in the high temperature process.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Blue hydrogen<\/span><\/strong> is produced through the reformation process; low CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions are captured and stored instead of release into the atmosphere.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Gray hydrogen<\/span><\/strong> is produced through the electrolysis or reformation process in which CO<sub>2<\/sub> is released into the atmosphere at the electricity generation or reformation stage.<\/p><p>For the achievement of climate goals through decarbonization, green hydrogen is the most useful, climate-neutral method of hydrogen production.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec9dffa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ec9dffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/tables-with-colors-of-hydrogen-asschneider-1024x455.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1431\" alt=\"Table shows different colors of hydrogen and how it`s produced.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/tables-with-colors-of-hydrogen-asschneider-1024x455.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/tables-with-colors-of-hydrogen-asschneider-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/tables-with-colors-of-hydrogen-asschneider-768x341.jpg 768w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/tables-with-colors-of-hydrogen-asschneider-1536x683.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/tables-with-colors-of-hydrogen-asschneider-2048x910.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d984270 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d984270\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Colors of hydrogen (source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.klimaschutz-niedersachsen.de\">www.klimaschutz-niedersachsen.de<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.klimaandmore.de\">www.klimaandmore.de<\/a>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-27a4c29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27a4c29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ccd02e\" data-id=\"9ccd02e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-853c2a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"853c2a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is hydrogen used for?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c603b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4c603b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen is used in the industry for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, food processing and lowering the sulfur content of fuels. It is also used for clean energy generation. The figure below shows the complete cycle of hydrogen production and use.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b63ce40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b63ce40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"999\" height=\"418\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/hydrogen-application-examples-from-production-to-uses-of-hydrogen-asschneider.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1436\" alt=\"Process shows hydrogen application examples from production to uses of hydrogen.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/hydrogen-application-examples-from-production-to-uses-of-hydrogen-asschneider.jpg 999w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/hydrogen-application-examples-from-production-to-uses-of-hydrogen-asschneider-300x126.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/hydrogen-application-examples-from-production-to-uses-of-hydrogen-asschneider-768x321.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42da87a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42da87a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen cycle from energy generation for production to gas use (source: AS-Schneider).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bed6c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bed6c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Energy generated from various sources is used for the production of hydrogen. The hydrogen produced is transported by various means to a centralized or decentralized storage where it is stored until use. The requirements for safely handling hydrogen at each stage of the cycle can differ significantly since the applications are as diverse and colorful as the spectrum of hydrogen. A single hydrogen valve that satisfies requirements for all processes does not exist. Different types of valves are suitable for different applications depending on the temperature and pressure requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9b7571 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c9b7571\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ff29f\" data-id=\"c0ff29f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f84be4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f84be4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sample application: Hydrogen as a fuel<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c90eec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c90eec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen has high energy content per unit mass which is nearly three times that of gasoline. The energy density per unit volume, however, is quite low at standard temperature and pressure. The volumetric energy density can be increased by storing the gas under higher pressure or in a liquified state at extremely low temperatures. In the field of commercial vehicle refueling, four different approaches are currently being considered and tested:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-602c690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"602c690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/table-shows-use-of-hydrogen-gas-in-commercial-vehicle-refueling-asschneider-1024x292.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1432\" alt=\"Table shows use of hydrogen gas in commercial vehicle refueling.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/table-shows-use-of-hydrogen-gas-in-commercial-vehicle-refueling-asschneider-1024x292.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/table-shows-use-of-hydrogen-gas-in-commercial-vehicle-refueling-asschneider-300x85.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/table-shows-use-of-hydrogen-gas-in-commercial-vehicle-refueling-asschneider-768x219.jpg 768w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/table-shows-use-of-hydrogen-gas-in-commercial-vehicle-refueling-asschneider-1536x438.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/table-shows-use-of-hydrogen-gas-in-commercial-vehicle-refueling-asschneider-2048x584.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da076ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da076ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The use of hydrogen gas in commercial vehicle refueling (source: H2-Mobility).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8172c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8172c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The diverse temperature and pressure requirements present great challenges. But it offers big opportunities for the valve industry, too.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed9e49b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed9e49b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920da52\" data-id=\"920da52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-280374a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"280374a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hydrogen safety standards<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28dfdd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28dfdd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The standardization around hydrogen as an energy storage medium is currently lagging behind the high dynamics of the market. Although various working groups have been formed to formalize and document the new requirements. The finalized and approved standards may still be months or even years away.<\/p><p>In view of the strong demand, both users and suppliers are currently looking for appropriate guidelines. One way to address this is to combine the various existing directives, codes and standards into a de facto standard until hydrogen regulations are available. The following existing guidelines, codes, and standards can be considered:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec81a30 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"ec81a30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Directives (e.g. pressure equipment directive)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Standards and codes (ASME, ISO \/ TC, ISO \/ TR, SAE, etc.)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Databases (e.g. from Sandia National Laboratories)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Expertise from material testing institutes, universities, etc.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e20424 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e20424\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This can be provided by the supplier and used as a template for the customer agreement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b2c3f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b2c3f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f147db\" data-id=\"7f147db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-863b65c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"863b65c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Typical application challenges for hydrogen service valves<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bb73ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2bb73ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The selection of a suitable valve for a given hydrogen application depends foremost on the functional requirements such as valve type, passage, connection type etc. In addition, the following type-specific aspects of the valve must also be carefully considered:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e1b6ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e1b6ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><font size=\"6\"><font color=\"20d477\"> #1 <\/font><\/font>Valve material for hydrogen service<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8e4530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8e4530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tiny hydrogen atoms can penetrate the crystal structure of solid metal and remain there. This effect leads to increased pressure and internal stresses without any corresponding increase in the strength of the material.<\/p><p>Hydrogen absorption can make the metal walls brittle, which may lead to crack formation and eventual failure.<\/p><p>Furthermore, the tensile strength, toughness and ductility of the metal are reduced that can result in violating the elongation-at-break requirement specified in the European Pressure Equipment Directive 2014\/68 \/ EU.<\/p><p>Use of special high-strength materials that often work in other challenging situations, unfortunately does not solve this problem.<\/p><p>On the contrary, these materials are even more vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement. The lowest sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement is found in face-centered cubic metal grids such as those in austenitic steel (e.g. 316 \/ 316L) or aluminum.<\/p><p>But even with these materials, it is still important to avoid other pitfalls. In the case of 316 \/ 316L, for example, the hydrogen compatibility depends on the nickel content. This dependency is most pronounced between room temperature and approximately -40\u00b0C. To account for this effect, a steel with appropriate nickel content must be selected (if available on the market). The stress level may also be lowered through a reduced utilization of the component as done also with unalloyed steels.<\/p><p>It is also important to ensure that non-metallic valve materials such as seals and lubricants are compatible with hydrogen. A list of recommendations can be found in the standards or databases mentioned above (Sandia, ISO \/ TR, SAE).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-961730f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"961730f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><font size=\"6\"><font color=\"20d477\"> #2 <\/font><\/font>Valve production for hydrogen service<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ae162f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ae162f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition to careful selection of suitable materials, it is important to ensure that further processing of these materials does not compromise their integrity. For example, the welding process can produce notches and residual stresses from local plasticization, which may then promote hydrogen embrittlement. Follow-up treatment according to NACE is recommended in these cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f5739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4f5739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><font size=\"6\"><font color=\"20d477\"> #3 <\/font><\/font>Leakage-free hydrogen application<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-021c988 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"021c988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since hydrogen is the smallest and lightest molecule, it has the ability to crawl through very small grooves and cracks causing leakage. Very small leaks in an open environment may not be dangerous.<\/p><p>However, in a closed space such as a protective box, even small leaks can produce a flammable mixture. It is therefore very important to carefully examine the qualification and accompanying test results of hydrogen valves.<\/p><p>For leakage testing, the use of inert-gas according to DIN EN ISO 14175 is normally recommended (e.g. 95\/5 &#8211; 95% nitrogen with 5% hydrogen).<\/p><p>However, it is challenging to create a stable test environment for repeated measurements during continuous production. Battery charging, welding works or even normal breathing may cause the concentration of hydrogen in the environment to fluctuate influencing the measurements.<\/p><p>For this reason, measurement experts recommend use of helium as a test medium for hydrogen valves. Helium testing produces more representative results as the ambient conditions are much more stable with respect to the inert gas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97d8cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"97d8cfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/carrying-out-leak-test-with-helium-hydrogen-valves-asschneider.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1435\" alt=\"Carrying out leak test with helium on hydrogen VariAS-Block to check leakages.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/carrying-out-leak-test-with-helium-hydrogen-valves-asschneider.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/carrying-out-leak-test-with-helium-hydrogen-valves-asschneider-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/carrying-out-leak-test-with-helium-hydrogen-valves-asschneider-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eff33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eff33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Carrying out a leak test using helium.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd8fa25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fd8fa25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;aa2c840&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee5a65e\" data-id=\"ee5a65e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b849335 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b849335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summary <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34108ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34108ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The hopes of achieving a net carbon-neutral economy during the next three decades rest heavily on the production and use of green hydrogen.<\/p><p>Hydrogen valves are key components in the safe production, storage, transportation and use of hydrogen.<\/p><p>The extremely flammable nature of hydrogen coupled with its ability to embrittle metals presents significant challenges in valve design and construction.<\/p><p>Metals and non-metallic materials used in the construction of hydrogen valves must be compatible with hydrogen. It must also be ensured that further processing of these materials does not make them vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement.<\/p><p>Finally, it is essential that valves be suitably tested to ensure that they are leakage free.<\/p><p>If valves for hydrogen service are selected with these considerations in mind, they can be safely operated for an extended period of time.<\/p><p>Standardization of hydrogen valves is currently in progress. Until a unified final standard emerges, it is essential that plant engineers work in close coordination with suppliers for valve selection, qualification, and validation of existing installations. Material testing institutes at local universities can also be helpful for consultation and equipment testing.<\/p><p>The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier is an important part of a reduced CO<sub>2<\/sub> future. Availability of safe and suitable hydrogen service valves is not an obstacle in the realization of this goal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3890d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3890d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;bbf312d&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e95bffe\" data-id=\"e95bffe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d393c0 elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"8d393c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2022\/07\/infographic-hydrogen-3-facts-to-consider-when-selecting-a-valve-for-hydrogen-service-500x500.png);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Infographic shows the 3 facts to consider when selecting a valve for hydrogen service.\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tInfographic - 3 facts to consider when you select a valve hydrogen service\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDownload the infographic and see which criteria you must consider when selecting a valve for a hydrogen application.\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2022\/07\/infographic-hydrogen-3-facts-to-consider-when-selecting-a-valve-for-hydrogen-service.png\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t3 facts to consider when selecting a valve for hydrogen service\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f754abb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f754abb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #7a7a7a;\">Image Source: \u00a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/de\/images\/the-bulb-is-located-on-the-inside-with-leaves-forest-and-the-trees-are-in-the-light-concepts-of-environmental-conservation-and-global-warming-plant-growing-inside-lamp-bulb-over-dry\/327268935?prev_url=detail\">sarayut_sy<\/a> (Adobe Stock) &amp; AS-Schneider<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Modern hydrogen applications demand durable valves. Beside the challenges with the media hydrogen they also often have to operate reliably under high pressure or at extremely low temperatures. There are some challenges that the industries have to face. In this blog article, we describe relevant key data on hydrogen, hydrogen applications and hydrogen valves.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":1430,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1293,415],"tags":[1202,1206,1201,1200,1205,1204,1198,1199,1207,1211,1213,1212,1209,1208,1197,1203,1210],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hydrogen valves and typical application challenges<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Modern hydrogen applications demand durable hydrogen valves that operate reliably under high pressure and at extremely low temperatures.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2022\/01\/19\/hydrogen-valves-and-typical-application-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hydrogen valves and typical application challenges\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Modern hydrogen applications demand durable hydrogen valves that operate reliably under high pressure and at extremely low temperatures.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/as-schneider.blog\/2022\/01\/19\/hydrogen-valves-and-typical-application-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AS-Schneider Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-19T01:01:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-07-13T08:57:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" 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